Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy

What is a cystoscopy?

A cystoscopy is a procedure involving the examination of the bladder and the urethra, the tube through which urine exits the bladder.

It serves both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, aiding in the evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms and facilitating treatments for specific conditions such as bladder tumors or stones.

There are two types of cystoscopes used for this examination.

Rigid cystoscope

This instrument, a solid straight telescope, has been utilized for many years. It is equipped with a high-intensity light source and a separate channel for attaching other instruments. Typically performed under general anesthesia, it is commonly employed when additional procedures such as biopsies, tumor removal, or stone fragmentation are anticipated.

Flexible cystoscope

More frequently utilized for diagnosis and follow-up of bladder tumors, the flexible cystoscope is a fiber optic instrument with a flexible tip, allowing easy navigation along the curves of the urethra. This type of cystoscopy is conducted using local anesthesia gel placed into the urethra and is often performed as an outpatient or day-case procedure.

What does cystoscopy entail?

As the cystoscope is inserted into the patient, the doctor meticulously examines the urethra for any signs of narrowing or obstruction, particularly in men as it passes through the prostate.

Upon entering the bladder, the doctor carefully inspects the lining for tumors, pouches (diverticulae), areas of inflammation, or stones. Additionally, the bladder's capacity and any structural abnormalities are assessed. The openings of the ureters, which are the passages from the kidneys to the bladder, are also examined, along with the bladder neck (the junction with the urethra).