Anaesthetic

Anaesthetic

What is anesthesia?

Anesthesia is a substance used to temporarily diminish or eliminate sensation, typically to facilitate otherwise painful medical procedures or surgeries.

There are two main types of anesthesia:

- General anesthesia, which induces unconsciousness in the patient.
- Local anesthesia, which numbs the specific area of the body where pain would otherwise be felt.

The induced state of unconsciousness during anesthesia is distinct from ordinary sleep, representing a controlled form of temporary unconsciousness overseen by the anesthesiologist. This process involves carefully administering the appropriate amount of anesthesia tailored to each surgical procedure. Throughout the operation, various medications are adjusted to manage pain effectively and maintain the desired level of unconsciousness.

In certain cases, a combination of local anesthesia, such as spinal or epidural anesthesia, with sedative medications may be preferred for specific procedures. These details are typically discussed with the patient beforehand.

Who is the anesthesiologist?

An anesthesiologist is a specialized medical doctor who, after completing medical school, undergoes approximately six years of training in anesthesia. While trainees may interact with patients, a consultant anesthesiologist supervises all procedures.

What does the anesthesiologist do?

The anesthesiologist carefully reviews the patient's medical history to determine the most appropriate care plan. Treatment options are discussed with the patient prior to the procedure, and patients are encouraged to ask questions and express any concerns. During the operation, the anesthesiologist remains with the patient to ensure comfort and safety, monitoring vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and organ function. This vigilance extends post-operation, overseeing pain management and advising on resuming normal activities.

Why is fasting necessary before surgery?

Fasting before surgery is necessary to minimize the risk of aspiration during anesthesia. If the stomach contains food or liquids, there is a potential risk of regurgitation and aspiration into the lungs, which can lead to serious complications. Typically, eating is prohibited for six hours before surgery, although clear fluids may be permitted up to two hours beforehand in some cases.

What about dental concerns?

Loose teeth and crowns can be damaged during intubation for anesthesia. Patients are asked about any dental issues to ensure extra care is taken to prevent damage. Dentures are typically removed before surgery to avoid interference with breathing.

Are anesthetics safe?

Anesthetics are generally safe, but like any medical procedure, there is a small inherent risk. In the UK, statistics show that death related to anesthesia occurs in approximately five out of every million cases. Patients in poor health are at a higher risk than those who are in good health.

What is a premed?

A premedication, or "premed," is administered to patients awaiting surgery to induce slight drowsiness and alleviate anxiety. This medication helps patients feel more relaxed and may even cause them to have no recollection of being taken to the operating room or falling asleep.

How is anesthesia administered?

Patients typically receive a small injection in the hand to induce sleep, often in a room adjacent to the operating theater. Some patients, especially children, may have a numbing cream applied to the skin beforehand to minimize discomfort. Others may inhale a combination of gases for rapid sedation.

How do patients wake up?

After surgery, the anesthesiologist ceases administration of the medications causing unconsciousness, and the patient is taken to a recovery room staffed by trained professionals. The duration of awakening varies depending on the length of the surgery. Once fully awake, patients are returned to their ward. In some cases, patients regain consciousness in the operating theater after the procedure, which is safe and monitored.

What are the post-operative effects?

Patients may feel cold, confused, or experience pain or nausea upon waking up. However, these symptoms can typically be managed effectively by the anesthesiologist during post-operative check-ups. After minor procedures, patients are encouraged to mobilize as soon as possible and can usually eat and drink within a few hours.