X-ray Generator

X-ray Generator

An X-ray generator is a device utilized to produce X-rays, commonly employed by radiographers for imaging the interior of objects, whether in medical diagnostics or non-destructive testing. Additionally, X-ray generators find applications in sterilization and fluorescence. In healthcare, they are instrumental in visualizing bone structures and dense tissues such as tumors, while non-medical uses encompass security and material analysis.

At the core of an X-ray generator lies the X-ray tube, resembling a vacuum tube, comprising a cathode and an anode. The cathode emits a stream of electrons into a vacuum, while the anode collects these electrons. Typically made of tungsten, molybdenum, or copper, the anode, upon electron collision, emits X-rays, with a small fraction converted into heat. Effective cooling systems, often employing water or oil recirculation, are crucial to dissipate the heat generated by the anode.

An X-ray imaging system comprises an X-ray source or generator (X-ray tube), an image detection system, and a PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System). X-ray photons are produced when an electron beam accelerated to high speed strikes a target, emitted from a heated cathode filament. Upon striking an angled anode target, X-ray photons are emitted in various directions from the target surface, with the highest intensity occurring around 60° to 90° from the beam. The X-ray detection system typically incorporates rare earth screens, semiconductor detectors, or X-ray image intensifiers, depending on the application.

In healthcare, X-ray detection systems often include additional components such as an ion chamber and grid. The ion chamber measures exposure by assessing the x-rays passing through its electrically charged, gas-filled gap, minimizing patient radiation exposure. The grid, comprising stacked aluminum slats, allows straight x-rays to pass through while absorbing reflected x-rays, enhancing image quality by preventing non-diagnostic scattered x-rays from reaching the detection medium.

Images produced by X-ray generators are commonly referred to as X-ray photographs or radiographs.