Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a severe form of pneumonia characterized by acute respiratory distress, often leading to death.

Causes

SARS is caused by a member of the coronavirus family, similar to the viruses responsible for the common cold. The 2003 epidemic likely originated from small mammals in China.

Transmission occurs primarily through contact with respiratory droplets expelled when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. The virus can survive on surfaces for several hours and potentially months in cold temperatures. Additionally, SARS may spread through contact with contaminated objects and airborne transmission. Live virus particles have been detected in the stool of infected individuals for up to four days.

Symptoms

Symptoms typically manifest 2 to 10 days after exposure and may include cough, difficulty breathing, fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Less common symptoms include cough with phlegm, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Lung symptoms can worsen in the second week of illness, even after fever resolution.

Exams and Tests

Healthcare providers may detect abnormal lung sounds upon chest examination. Imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans often reveal pneumonia, a common feature of SARS. Diagnostic tests may include arterial blood tests, blood clotting tests, blood chemistry tests, complete blood count, antibody tests, and viral isolation tests.

Treatment

Individuals suspected of having SARS should receive immediate medical evaluation and isolation. Treatment may involve antibiotics to address bacterial pneumonia, antiviral medications, high-dose steroids to reduce lung inflammation, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or chest therapy. Blood transfusions from recovered individuals have been used in severe cases, although their efficacy is uncertain.

Outlook (Prognosis)

During the 2003 outbreak, the mortality rate of SARS ranged from 9% to 12%, with higher rates among older individuals. Public health measures effectively curtailed the epidemic in many countries, but ongoing vigilance is necessary due to the virus's potential to mutate.

Possible Complications

Complications of SARS may include respiratory, liver, heart, and kidney failure.

Prevention

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with infected individuals, especially during outbreaks, practicing hand hygiene, covering the mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing, avoiding sharing food or utensils, disinfecting surfaces regularly, and considering the use of masks, goggles, and gloves when handling potentially contaminated items..