Chickenpox

Chickenpox

Chickenpox, a viral infection characterized by intensely itchy blisters across the body, was once prevalent among children but has become less common since the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine.

Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors

Varicella-zoster virus, a member of the herpesvirus family, is responsible for chickenpox, with adults sometimes developing herpes zoster (shingles) from the same virus. Transmission occurs easily through direct contact with blister fluids or respiratory droplets from infected individuals. Even those with mild symptoms can transmit the virus.

Contagion typically begins 1 to 2 days before blister onset and continues until all blisters crust over. Children under 10 are the most affected, though adults and older children may experience more severe symptoms. Infants under 1 year are at higher risk if their mothers lack immunity or vaccination. Individuals with compromised immune systems are prone to severe chickenpox.

Symptoms

Before the characteristic rash appears, children may experience fever, headache, and abdominal pain. The rash surfaces 10 to 21 days post-exposure, featuring numerous fluid-filled blisters atop red spots. Blisters commonly emerge on the face, trunk, or scalp, subsequently clouding and scabbing over, while new ones form. Children with skin conditions like eczema may exhibit a profusion of blisters. Although rare, vaccinated children may still develop mild chickenpox with fewer blisters, posing diagnostic challenges.

Signs and Tests

Diagnosis primarily relies on clinical observation of the rash and medical history. Laboratory tests may confirm the diagnosis if needed.

Treatment

Management aims to alleviate discomfort. Strategies include preventing scratching, wearing loose clothing, taking lukewarm baths with mild soap, applying soothing moisturizers, avoiding heat and humidity, and using over-the-counter antihistamines or hydrocortisone cream for itching.

Antiviral medications may be prescribed within 24 hours of rash onset, especially for high-risk individuals or those with underlying conditions. However, otherwise healthy children with mild symptoms may not require antivirals. Aspirin and ibuprofen are contraindicated due to associated risks. Patients should refrain from school or work until all blisters have crusted over.