Heart Attack

A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of your heart is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. Your doctor calls this a myocardial infarction.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. If the blood flow is blocked, the heart is starved of oxygen and heart cells die.

A hard substance called plaque can build up in the walls of your coronary arteries. This plaque is made up of cholesterol and other cells. A heart attack can occur as a result of plaque buildup.

• The plaque can develop cracks or tears. Blood platelets stick to these tears and form a blood clot. A heart attack can occur if this blood clot completely blocks oxygen-rich blood from flowing to the heart. This is the most common cause of heart attacks.
• The slow buildup of plaque may almost block one of your coronary arteries. A heart attack may occur if not enough oxygen-rich blood can flow through this blockage. This is more likely to happen when your body is stressed (for example, by a serious illness).

The cause of heart attacks is not always known. Heart attacks may occur:

• When you are resting or asleep
• After a sudden increase in physical activity
• When you are active outside in cold weather
• After sudden, severe emotional or physical stress, including an illness

Cardiogenic shock is a state in which the heart has been damaged so much that it cannot supply enough blood to the organs of the body. This condition is a medical emergency.

Symptoms

A heart attack is a medical emergency. If you have symptoms of a heart attack, call 911 or your local emergency number right away.

• DO NOT try to drive yourself to the hospital.
• DO NOT DELAY. You are at greatest risk of sudden death in the early hours of a heart attack.

Chest pain is the most common symptom of a heart attack. You may feel the pain in only one part of your body, or it may move from your chest to your arms, shoulder, neck, teeth, jaw, belly area, or back.

The pain can be severe or mild. It can feel like:

• A tight band around the chest
• Bad indigestion
• Something heavy sitting on your chest
• Squeezing or heavy pressure

The pain usually lasts longer than 20 minutes. Rest and a medicine called nitroglycerin may not completely relieve the pain of a heart attack. Symptoms may also go away and come back.

Other symptoms of a heart attack include:

• Anxiety
• Cough
• Fainting
• Light-headedness, dizziness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Palpitations (feeling like your heart is beating too fast or irregularly)
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating, which may be very heavy

Some people (the elderly, people with diabetes, and women) may have little or no chest pain. Or, they may have unusual symptoms (shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness). A "silent heart attack" is a heart attack with no symptoms.

Signs and tests

A doctor or nurse will perform a physical exam and listen to your chest using a stethoscope.

• The doctor may hear abnormal sounds in your lungs (called crackles), a heart murmur, or other abnormal sounds.
• You may have a rapid pulse.
• Your blood pressure may be normal, high, or low.

A troponin blood test can show if you have heart tissue damage. This test can confirm that you are having a heart attack.

Coronary angiography is often done right away or when you are more stable. You may also have tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG).

• This test uses a special dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through your heart.
• It can help your doctor decide which treatments you need next.

Other tests to look at your heart that may be done while you are in the hospital:

• Echocardiography
• Exercise stress test
• Nuclear stress test

Treatment

You will most likely first be treated in the emergency room.

• You will be hooked up to a heart monitor, so the health care team can look at how your heart is beating.
• The health care team will give you oxygen so that your heart doesn't have to work as hard.
• An intravenous line (IV) will be placed into one of your veins. Medicines and fluids pass through this IV.
• You may get nitroglycerin and morphine to help reduce chest pain.

Abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) are the leading cause of death in the first few hours of a heart attack. These arrythmias may be treated with medications or cardioversion.

EMERGENCY TREATMENTS

Angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. Usually a small, metal mesh tube called a stent is placed at the same time.

• Angioplasty is often the first choice of treatment. It should be done within 90 minutes after you get to the hospital, and no later than 12 hours after a heart attack.
• A stent is a small, metal mesh tube that opens up (expands) inside a coronary artery. A stent is often placed after angioplasty. It helps prevent the artery from closing up again.

You may be given drugs to break up the clot. It is best if these drugs are given within 3 hours of when you first felt the chest pain. This is called thrombolytic therapy.

Some patients may also have heart bypass surgery to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. This procedure is also called open heart surgery.

AFTER YOUR HEART ATTACK

The following drugs are given to most people after they have a heart attack. These drugs can help prevent another heart attack. Ask your doctor or nurse about these drugs:

• Antiplatelet drugs (blood thinners) such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), or warfarin (Coumadin), to help keep your blood from clotting
• Beta-blockers and ACE inhibitor medicines to help protect your heart
• Statins or other drugs to improve your cholesterol levels

You may need to take some of these medicines for the rest of your life. Always talk to your health care provider before stopping or changing how you take any medicines. Any changes may be life threatening.

After a heart attack, you may feel sad. You may feel anxious and worry about being careful in everything you do. All of these feelings are normal. They go away for most people after 2 or 3 weeks. You may also feel tired when you leave the hospital to go home.

Most people who have had a heart attack take part in a cardiac rehab program. While under the care of a doctor and nurses, you will:

• Slowly increase your exercise level
• Learn how to follow a healthy lifestyle

LIVING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

To prevent another heart attack:

• Keep your blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol under control.
• Don't smoke.
• Eat a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and low in animal fat.
• Get plenty of exercise, at least 30 minutes a day, at least 5 days a week (talk to your doctor first).
• Get checked and treated for depression.
• Limit yourself to no more than one drink a day for women, and no more than two drinks a day for men.
• Stay at a healthy weight. Aim for a body mass index (BMI) of between 18.5 and 24.9.